Brown, T. M. et al. Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults. PLoS Biol. 20, e3001571 (2022).
Fisk, A. S. et al. Light and cognition: roles for circadian rhythms, sleep, and arousal. Front. Neurol. 9, 56 (2018).
Campbell, I., Sharifpour, R. & Vandewalle, G. Light as a modulator of non-image-forming brain functions—positive and negative impacts of increasing light availability. Clocks Sleep 5, 116–140 (2023).
Berson, D. M., Dunn, F. A. & Takao, M. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 295, 1070–1073 (2002).
Schmidt, T. M., Chen, S.-K. & Hattar, S. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: many subtypes, diverse functions. Trends Neurosci. 34, 572–580 (2011).
Güler, A. D. et al. Melanopsin cells are the principal conduits for rod–cone input to non-image-forming vision. Nature 453, 102–105 (2008).
Gaggioni, G., Maquet, P., Schmidt, C., Dijk, D.-J. & Vandewalle, G. Neuroimaging, cognition, light and circadian rhythms. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 8, 126 (2014).
Hattar, S. et al. Central projections of melanopsin‐expressing retinal ganglion cells in the mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 497, 326–349 (2006).
Vandewalle, G., Maquet, P. & Dijk, D. J. Light as a modulator of cognitive brain function. Trends Cogn. Sci. 13, 429–438 (2009).
Vandewalle, G. et al. Brain responses to violet, blue, and green monochromatic light exposures in humans: prominent role of blue light and the brainstem. PLoS ONE 2, e1247 (2007).
Vandewalle, G. et al. Wavelength-dependent modulation of brain responses to a working memory task by daytime light exposure. Cereb. Cortex 17, 2788–2795 (2007).
Vandewalle, G. et al. Daytime light exposure dynamically enhances brain responses. Curr. Biol. 16, 1616–1621 (2006).
Saalmann, Y. B., Pinsk, M. A., Wang, L., Li, X. & Kastner, S. The pulvinar regulates information transmission between cortical areas based on attention demands. Science 337, 753–756 (2012).
Guillery, R. W. & Sherman, S. M. Thalamic relay functions and their role in corticocortical communication: generalizations from the visual system. Neuron 33, 163–175 (2002).
Saper, C. B., Lu, J., Chou, T. C. & Gooley, J. The hypothalamic integrator for circadian rhythms. Trends Neurosci. 28, 152–157 (2005).
Campbell, I. et al. Impact of light on task-evoked pupil responses during cognitive tasks. bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.12.536570 (2023).
Harsay, H. A., Spaan, M., Wijnen, J. G. & Ridderinkhof, K. R. Error awareness and salience processing in the oddball task: shared neural mechanisms. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6, 246 (2012).
Uncapher, M. R., Hutchinson, J. B. & Wagner, A. D. Dissociable effects of top-down and bottom-up attention during episodic encoding. J. Neurosci. 31, 12613–12628 (2011).
Ardekani, B. A. et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of brain activity in the visual oddball task. Cogn. Brain Res. 14, 347–356 (2002).
Friston, K. J., Harrison, L. & Penny, W. Dynamic causal modelling. Neuroimage 19, 1273–1302 (2003).
Saranathan, M., Iglehart, C., Monti, M., Tourdias, T. & Rutt, B. In vivo high-resolution structural MRI-based atlas of human thalamic nuclei. Sci. Data 8, 1–8 (2021).
Koralek, K.-A., Jensen, K. F. & Killackey, H. P. Evidence for two complementary patterns of thalamic input to the rat somatosensory cortex. Brain Res. 463, 346–351 (1988).
McFarland, N. R. & Haber, S. N. Convergent inputs from thalamic motor nuclei and frontal cortical areas to the dorsal striatum in the primate. J. Neurosci. 20, 3798–3813 (2000).
Edelstyn, N. M. J., Mayes, A. R. & Ellis, S. J. Damage to the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, central lateral intralaminar thalamic nucleus, and midline thalamic nuclei on the right-side impair executive function and attention under conditions of high demand but not low demand. Neurocase 20, 121–132 (2014).
Kiehl, K. A. & Liddle, P. F. Reproducibility of the hemodynamic response to auditory oddball stimuli: a six‐week test–retest study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 18, 42–52 (2003).
Behrens, T. E. J. et al. Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 750–757 (2003).
Jones, E. G. The Thalamus 2nd edn (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Roux, F., Wibra, M., Singer, W., Aru, J. & Uhlhaas, P. J. The phase of thalamic alpha activity modulates cortical gamma-band activity: evidence from resting-state MEG recordings. J. Neurosci. 33, 17827–17835 (2013).
Fernandez, D. C., Chang, Y. T., Hattar, S. & Chen, S. K. Architecture of retinal projections to the central circadian pacemaker. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 6047–6052 (2016).
Pickard, G. E. The afferent connections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the golden hamster with emphasis on the retinohypothalamic projection. J. Comp. Neurol. 211, 65–83 (1982).
Liebe, T. et al. In vivo anatomical mapping of human locus coeruleus functional connectivity at 3 T MRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 41, 2136–2151 (2020).
Aston-Jones, G., Chen, S., Zhu, Y. & Oshinsky, M. L. A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 732–738 (2001).
Saper, C. B., Swanson, L. W. & Cowan, W. M. An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the lateral hypothalamic area in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 183, 689–706 (1979).
Nascimento, E. S. Jr et al. Retinal projections to the thalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris). Brain Res. 1241, 56–61 (2008).
Muscat, L. & Morin, L. P. Intergeniculate leaflet: contributions to photic and non-photic responsiveness of the hamster circadian system. Neuroscience 140, 305–320 (2006).
Maleki, N., Becerra, L., Upadhyay, J., Burstein, R. & Borsook, D. Direct optic nerve pulvinar connections defined by diffusion MR tractography in humans: implications for photophobia. Hum. Brain Mapp. 33, 75–88 (2012).
Altimus, C. M. et al. Rod photoreceptors drive circadian photoentrainment across a wide range of light intensities. Nat. Neurosci. 13, 1107–1112 (2010).
Saalmann, Y. B. & Kastner, S. Gain control in the visual thalamus during perception and cognition. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 19, 408–414 (2009).
Halassa, M. M. & Kastner, S. Thalamic functions in distributed cognitive control. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 1669–1679 (2017).
Bourgeois, A., Guedj, C., Carrera, E. & Vuilleumier, P. Pulvino-cortical interaction: an integrative role in the control of attention. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 111, 104–113 (2020).
Seth, A. K., Barrett, A. B. & Barnett, L. Granger causality analysis in neuroscience and neuroimaging. J. Neurosci. 35, 3293–3297 (2015).
Ketz, N. A., Jensen, O. & O’Reilly, R. C. Thalamic pathways underlying prefrontal cortex-medial temporal lobe oscillatory interactions. Trends Neurosci. 38, 3–12 (2015).
Sherman, S. M. & Guillery, R. W. Exploring the Thalamus and Its Role in Cortical Function (MIT Press, 2006).
Aderneuer, T., Stefani, O., Fernández, O., Cajochen, C. & Ferrini, R. Circadian tuning with metameric white light: visual and non-visual aspects. Light. Res. Technol. 53, 543–554 (2021).
Zaidi, F. H. et al. Short-wavelength light sensitivity of circadian, pupillary, and visual awareness in humans lacking an outer retina. Curr. Biol. 17, 2122–2128 (2007).
Vandewalle, G. et al. Light modulates oscillatory alpha activity in the occipital cortex of totally visually blind individuals with intact non-image-forming photoreception. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–9 (2018).
Lombardo, M. V. et al. Improving effect size estimation and statistical power with multi-echo fMRI and its impact on understanding the neural systems supporting mentalizing. Neuroimage 142, 55–66 (2016).
Erdfelder, E., FAul, F., Buchner, A. & Lang, A. G. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav. Res. Methods 41, 1149–1160 (2009).
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G. & Steer, R. A. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 56, 893 (1988).
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J. & Erbaugh, J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 4, 561–571 (1961).
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F. III, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R. & Kupfer, D. J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 28, 193–213 (1989).
Johns, M. W. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep 14, 540–545 (1991).
Horne, J. A. & Östberg, O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int. J. Chronobiol. 4, 97–110 (1976).
Rosenthal, N. E. Seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire. J. Affect. Disord. (1984).
Parrott, A. C. & Hindmarch, I. Factor analysis of a sleep evaluation questionnaire. Psychol. Med. 8, 325–329 (1978).
Collette, F., Hogge, M., Salmon, E. & Van der Linden, M. Exploration of the neural substrates of executive functioning by functional neuroimaging. Neuroscience 139, 209–221 (2006).
Vandewalle, G. et al. Spectral quality of light modulates emotional brain responses in humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 107, 19549–19554 (2010).
Stevens, A. A., Skudlarski, P., Gatenby, J. C. & Gore, J. C. Event-related fMRI of auditory and visual oddball tasks. Magn. Reson. Imaging 18, 495–502 (2000).
Mathôt, S., Schreij, D. & Theeuwes, J. OpenSesame: an open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 44, 314–324 (2012).
Andersson, J. L. R., Hutton, C., Ashburner, J., Turner, R. & Friston, K. Modeling geometric deformations in EPI time series. Neuroimage 13, 903–919 (2001).
Jenkinson, M., Beckmann, C. F., Behrens, T. E. J., Woolrich, M. W. & Smith, S. M. Fsl. Neuroimage 62, 782–790 (2012).
Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 57, 289–300 (1995).
Zeidman, P. et al. A guide to group effective connectivity analysis, part 1: first level analysis with DCM for fMRI. Neuroimage 200, 174–190 (2019).
Giannetti, S. & Molinari, M. Cerebellar input to the posterior parietal cortex in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 58, 481–489 (2002).
Amino, Y., Kyuhou, S., Matsuzaki, R. & Gemba, H. Cerebello–thalamo–cortical projections to the posterior parietal cortex in the macaque monkey. Neurosci. Lett. 309, 29–32 (2001).
Friston, K., Zeidman, P. & Litvak, V. Empirical Bayes for DCM: a group inversion scheme. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 9, 164 (2015).
Zeidman, P. et al. A guide to group effective connectivity analysis, part 2: second level analysis with PEB. Neuroimage 200, 12–25 (2019).
Beckers, E. et al. Impact of repeated short light exposures on sustained pupil responses in an fMRI environment. bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.12.536600 (2023).