By Shilpasree Mondal
New Delhi: As global health systems remain vigilant against emerging infections, Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) has recently drawn attention. Amid an ongoing outbreak in China, cases of HMPV detected in India are prompting increased scrutiny of this respiratory virus. While HMPV is not new, its potential impact on vulnerable populations has raised concerns among healthcare professionals and researchers.
India’s high population density increases its susceptibility to the rapid spread of respiratory infections such as HMPV, highlighting the urgent need for robust diagnostic systems and public health interventions to contain its impact.
“Discovered in 2001, Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, alongside Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). It causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections, particularly in vulnerable populations such as the very young, the elderly, and the immunocompromised,” said Dr. Mahua Kapoor Dasgupta, Director of Medical Affairs (Infectious Diseases), HaystackAnalytics.
“The virus typically presents with flu-like symptoms, including fever, cough, nasal congestion, and shortness of breath, but in susceptible hosts, it can progress to severe bronchiolitis or pneumonia. HMPV spreads primarily through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing, close personal contact, or touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face. “The infection takes about 3-5 days to manifest after entering the host and can persist for varying durations depending on the severity,” explained Dr. Dasgupta.
HMPV diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion and laboratory techniques. Dr. Dasgupta elaborated: “Laboratory confirmation is possible through nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) for viral genome detection or through direct detection of viral antigens in respiratory secretions using immunofluorescence or enzyme immunoassay methods.”
Treatment is typically supportive and home-based for mild cases, involving rest, hydration, antipyretics, and nasal decongestants. For secondary bacterial infections, antibiotics may be required, while severe cases could necessitate hospitalization. However, no vaccine is currently available to prevent HMPV infections.
Prevention remains the most effective way to curb the spread of HMPV. Dr. Dasgupta advised: “Key measures include regular hand hygiene, avoiding touching the face with unwashed hands, and maintaining physical distance from sick individuals. Infected persons should practice respiratory hygiene, avoid close contact, and refrain from sharing utensils or other personal items.”
Disinfecting commonly touched surfaces like doorknobs, countertops, and shared toys can also help minimize transmission risks.
With no vaccine available, raising awareness and implementing preventive strategies are essential to mitigating HMPV’s spread. The rising cases underscore the importance of strong public health measures and the critical role of precise diagnostics in managing infectious diseases.
